P. Aix-en, Dr E Lagier

, Amiens (Dr C. Roussel)

, Angers (Dr H. Le Guillou

, Avicenne (Dr C. Alloui)

, Besançon (Dr D. Bettinger

, Bicêtre (Dr C. Pallier)

H. Bordeaux-(professor, D. S. Fleury, D. P. Reigadas, D. P. Bellecave, and . Recordonpinson,

C. Brest-(professor, D. S. Payan, and . Vallet,

, Caen (Professor A. Vabret

C. Clermont-ferrand-(dr, D. A. Henquell, and . Mirand,

, Créteil (Dr M. Bouvier-Alias

, Dijon (Dr A. de Rougemont)

F. Fort-de,

, Grenoble (Professor P. Morand, Dr A. Signori-Schmuck

L. Lille-(dr, Bocket

, Limoges (Professor S. Rogez

P. Lyon-(dr, . Andre, J. C. Dr, . Tardy, M. A. Dr et al.,

C. Marseille-(dr and . Tamalet,

. Metz-thionville,

, Montpellier (Dr B. Montes

, Nancy (Professor E. Schvoerer

, Nantes (Professor V. Ferre, Dr E. André-Garnier

, Nice (Dr J. Cottalorda

, Orléans (Dr J. Guinard, Dr A. Guiguon

, Dr G. Peytavin

. Pariscochin,

. Paris-necker, Dr V. Avettand-Fenoel

(. Paris-pitié-salpêtrière, A. G. Dr, . Marcelin, V. Professor, . Calvez et al.,

P. Louis-(dr, C. Delaugerre, M. L. Dr, and . Chaix,

C. Paris-tenon-(dr, D. V. Amiel, and . Schneider,

, Poitiers (Dr G. Giraudeau

V. Reims-(dr and . Brodard,

, Rennes (Dr A. Maillard

, Rouen (Professor J.C. Plantier)

, Bourlet

S. Strasbourg-(professor, . Fafi-kremer, F. Professor, . Stoll-keller, M. P. Dr et al.,

, Suisse (Dr S. Yerly

, Toulon (Dr C. Poggi)

J. Toulouse-(professor, D. S. Izopet, and . Raymond,

, Tours (Professor F. Barin, Dr A. Chaillon

, Versailles (Dr S. Marque-Juillet

A. M. Villejuif-(professor and . Roque-afonso, Dr S. Haïm-Boukobza

P. Inserm-umr-s1136-(dr, M. Flandre, D. L. Grudé, D. D. Assoumou, and . Costagliola,

, ANRS Clinical Centres

P. Aix-en,

, Amiens (Professor J.L. Schmit)

, Angers (Dr J. M. Chennebault

, Avicenne (Professor O. Bouchaud

, Bicêtre (Professor J.F. Delfraissy

, Bordeaux (Professor M. Dupon, Professor P. Morlat, Professor D. Neau)

, Brest (Professor S. Ansart, Dr S. Jaffuel

. Clermontferrand, Jacomet

Y. Créteil-(professor, D. S. Lévy, and . Dominguez,

, Dijon (Professor P. Chavanet; Professor L. Piroth

F. Fort-de,

, Grenoble (Dr P. Leclercq)

F. Lille-tourcoing-(dr, . Ajana, and A. Dr, Cheret

, Limoges (Professor P. Weinbreck)

L. Lyon-(dr and . Cotte,

I. Marseille-(dr and . Poizotmartin, Dr I. Ravaud

B. Metz-thionville-(dr, . Christian, F. Dr, D. M. Truchetet, and . Grandidier,

, Montpellier (Professor J. Reynes

T. Nancy-(professor, . May, F. Dr, and . Goehringer,

, Nantes (Professor F. Raffi)

, Dr R. Landman, Professor Yazdanpanah

. Paris-cochin, Dr O. Launay

. Paris-hegp,

. Paris-necker,

. Paris-pitié-salpêtrière,

P. Antoine-(professor, P. M. Girard, J. L. Professor, and . Meynard,

P. Louis,

P. Tenon,

R. Reims-(professor, . Jaussaud, C. Dr, and . Rouger,

, Rennes (Professor C. Michelet)

F. Rouen-(dr, P. F. Borsa-lebas, and . Caron,

D. Strasbourg-(dr and . Rey,

, Suisse (Dr A Calmy

. Toulon,

, Versailles (Dr A. Greder-Belan

D. Villejuif-(professor, D. E. Vittecoq, and . Teicher,

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S. S. Spudich, A. C. Nilsson, and N. D. Lollo, Cerebrospinal fluid HIV infection and pleocytosis: relation to systemic infection and antiretroviral treatment, BMC Infect Dis, vol.5, p.98, 2005.

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A. Canestri, F. X. Lescure, and S. Jaureguiberry, Discordance between cerebral spinal fluid and plasma HIV replication in patients with neurological symptoms who are receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy, Clin Infect Dis, vol.50, pp.773-781, 2010.

S. Spudich, N. Lollo, and T. Liegler, Treatment benefit on cerebrospinal fluid HIV-1 levels in the setting of systemic virological suppression and failure, J Infect Dis, vol.194, pp.1686-96, 2006.

L. Varatharajan and S. A. Thomas, The transport of anti-HIV drugs across blood-CNS interfaces: summary of current knowledge and recommendations for further research, Antiviral Res, vol.82, pp.99-109, 2009.

T. Rawson, D. Muir, and N. E. Mackie, Factors associated with cerebrospinal fluid HIV RNA in HIV infected subjects undergoing lumbar puncture examination in a clinical setting, J Infect, vol.65, pp.239-284, 2012.

P. H. Cunningham, D. G. Smith, and C. Satchell, Evidence for independent development of resistance to HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitors in the cerebrospinal fluid, AIDS, vol.14, pp.1949-54, 2000.

K. Watanabe, M. Honda, and T. Watanabe, Emergence of raltegravirresistant HIV-1 in the central nervous system, Int J STD AIDS, vol.21, pp.840-841, 2010.

B. Mora-peris, N. E. Mackie, and D. Suan, Raltegravir resistance in the cerebrospinal fluid, Infection, vol.41, pp.731-735, 2013.

D. Descamps, C. Delaugerre, and B. Masquelier, Repeated HIV-1 resistance genotyping external quality assessments improve virology laboratory performance, J Med Virol, vol.78, pp.153-60, 2006.

D. E. Bennett, R. J. Camacho, and D. Otelea, Drug resistance mutations for surveillance of transmitted HIV-1 drug-resistance: 2009 update, PLoS One, vol.4, p.4724, 2009.

D. Descamps, L. Assoumou, and M. L. Chaix, National sentinel surveillance of transmitted drug resistance in antiretroviral-naive chronically HIVinfected patients in France over a decade: 2001 -2011, J Antimicrob Chemother, vol.68, pp.2626-2657, 2013.
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L. Assoumou, D. Descamps, and S. Yerly, Prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance in treated patients with viral load .50 copies/mL in 2009: a French nationwide study, J Antimicrob Chemother, vol.68, pp.1400-1405, 2013.
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A. Eden, D. Fuchs, and L. Hagberg, HIV-1 viral escape in cerebrospinal fluid of subjects on suppressive antiretroviral treatment, J Infect Dis, vol.202, pp.1819-1844, 2010.

C. Soulie, S. Fourati, and S. Lambert-niclot, HIV genetic diversity between plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with HIV encephalitis, AIDS, vol.24, pp.2412-2416, 2010.

A. Antinori, M. L. Giancola, and S. Grisetti, Factors influencing virological response to antiretroviral drugs in cerebrospinal fluid of advanced HIV-1-infected patients, AIDS, vol.16, pp.1867-76, 2002.

P. P. Christo, D. B. Greco, and A. W. Aleixo, Factors influencing cerebrospinal fluid and plasma HIV-1 RNA detection rate in patients with and without opportunistic neurological disease during the HAART era, BMC Infect Dis, vol.7, p.147, 2007.

M. Smurzynski, K. Wu, and S. Letendre, Effects of central nervous system antiretroviral penetration on cognitive functioning in the ALLRT cohort, AIDS, vol.25, pp.357-65, 2011.

S. Letendre, Central nervous system complications in HIV disease: HIVassociated neurocognitive disorder, Top Antivir Med, vol.19, pp.137-179, 2011.